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5.4. The two views of FOCUS – the origin of time and space



In the previous point, FOCUS followed THE FIRST SENSATION through the entire sinusoidal progression. We described this as if a reading point were moving along the curve.

But FOCUS does not move.

FOCUS remains fixed in THE HORIZON. This does not mean that FOCUS is situated at a spatial point, because THE HORIZON is not a place. It means that FOCUS has an unchanging functional position between the two sides of the domains and can direct its view towards both.

On the manifest side, FOCUS follows and reads the impulses that arise. On the abstract side, FOCUS can register the content and the relations present in KNOWING. When established CONCEPTS later exist, fully read manifest forms can be recognised against them. During the first reading, no such conceptualised form yet exists. The only abstract content is the proto-idea that non-IS-NESS may be real.

FOCUS is therefore the HORIZON point that SEES both sides of the domains and makes it possible to know about them.

But FOCUS cannot feel the impulses. That ability belongs to AWARENESS. AWARENESS feels the impulse's raw quality and thereby gives rise to qualia, while FOCUS sees, reads and examines what is felt.

FOCUS therefore does not move through a manifest space or pass through a time that is already present. What changes is which value in the impulse's manifest development THE FOCAL VIEW reads at any given moment.

In the graphical presentation, this can be shown as a reading point moving along the sine curve. But the reading point is not FOCUS itself. It indicates only how far THE FOCAL VIEW has progressed in reading the impulse's manifest progression. FOCUS still remains fixed in THE HORIZON and simultaneously has an PANORAMIC VIEW towards the whole of the current THIS on both sides of the domains.

To understand how the reading can take place, we must now specify that FOCUS always has two simultaneous views:
  1. THE PANORAMIC VIEW, which registers the whole of the current THIS and detects CHANGES within it;
  2. THE FOCAL VIEW, which is bound to the nearest current CHANGE and reads it.
These are not two eyes, two actors or two acts that alternate in being active. They are simultaneous and inseparable properties of the one FOCUS. We humans can recognise this in our own vision. It is both broad and focused – at the same time. The eye and vision are, of course, something that arises much later, but the functional analogy is striking.

THE PANORAMIC VIEW is always active. It registers the whole of the current THIS and detects that a CHANGE is present. As the CHANGE is registered, THE FOCAL VIEW is bound to it and follows it through the manifest progression. This is a functional order – registration, binding and reading – not an alternation in which one view is switched off before the other is activated.

Nor is THE FOCAL VIEW switched off and on. It is always bound to something current. What changes is what is nearest at any given moment and therefore must be read.

FOCUS does not make a free choice between several possible reading targets. THE FOCAL VIEW cannot choose to overlook the nearest current difference and direct itself towards something else. It is necessarily drawn towards the nearest CHANGE in relation to what is already being read.

As a teaching device – so that you will remember and understand – I will venture to compare this to a «sexual gaze» that cannot resist the irresistible attraction towards the nearest CHANGE. The comparison is not about sexuality as an ontological principle. It is only intended to make the immediate and involuntary attraction understandable: The gaze is captured before it has time to choose.

I call this THE CHANGE GAZE.

THE CHANGE GAZE is not a third view alongside THE PANORAMIC VIEW and THE FOCAL VIEW. The term describes the interaction between them:
  1. THE PANORAMIC VIEW registers that a CHANGE is present.
  2. The nearest CHANGE receives priority.
  3. THE FOCAL VIEW is bound to the CHANGE and reads it.
By "nearest" we do not mean physical distance in an already existing space. Physical space is precisely what is to be produced. Nearness here means geometrical and relational nearness to what THE FOCAL VIEW is already bound to.

The prioritisation applies from the current local perspective. The same FOCUS simultaneously has a view through every perspective; this introduces no global queue of EC readings. Where nearness is equal, attractor support determines which CHANGE is activated, as specified in point 5.6.

During the first sine reading, there is only one manifest impulse. THE PANORAMIC VIEW therefore registers THE SENSATION and the CHANGES in its progression. THE FOCAL VIEW is bound to THE SENSATION and follows it without interruption from beginning to closure.

THE PANORAMIC VIEW does not disappear while this happens. It surrounds the current reading point throughout the entire progression. As long as the sinusoidal form has not been fully read and no nearer CHANGE has arisen, there is also nothing else to which THE FOCAL VIEW can be bound.

Time arises
The reading begins at one actuality and continues to the next. What was just current is no longer current when the next CHANGE is present.

Here the first manifest time arises.

Time is not a container within which the reading takes place. There is no clock outside CONSCIOUSNESS that is already ticking. FOCUS therefore does not pass through a locally manifested time that exists independently of the reading process.

The reading-through by FOCUS is the process that produces local time.

Time arises because FOCUS cannot read the entire sinusoidal progression as one undifferentiated point. The form must appear successively:
  • this is present;
  • then this;
  • then this.
The first cannot come after the second without the reading direction being reversed. And even when the sine's readout value becomes negative, the reading continues forwards. A negative readout value does not mean negative time.

The parameter $\theta$, which we introduced in point 5.3, represents the order in the manifest reading and thus the primitive order of local time. It does not yet measure seconds. It is a dimensionless phase coordinate that expresses how far the manifest reading has progressed. But what it describes is the first real direction of time: the ordered transition from one actuality to the next.

Time is local because it is present only as the manifest successiveness of the current EC reading. It does not exist as one global stream into which all EC readings are later placed. Each FOCUSING produces its own local temporal progression on-the-fly.

This does not imply that the individual temporal progressions lack connection. THE FOCAL VIEW is never left without a current reading target during the ongoing unfolding of the EC. When one reading is complete, the nearest new CHANGE draws THE FOCAL VIEW onwards. Reading follows reading without a break.

At $E_4^M$, the nearest new CHANGE is not a further manifest boundary point within the sine impulse. The sine has been fully read and has returned to zero. What now emerges as a CHANGE is that the whole sine is present as a complete FORM. This whole becomes the new nearest reading target for THE FOCAL VIEW.

Absolute continuity thus lies in the uninterrupted activity of FOCUS, not in an external time container.

Perspective requires orthogonality
But a focal progression is not enough to explain how something can be seen.

If the view and what is to be read coincide completely in one and the same direction, there is no perspective. Then only the direction itself is present. For FOCUS to be able to see the current reading point as something, the view must also have an orientation independent of the focal reading direction.

The minimal fully independent orientation is orthogonal: $90^\circ$ relative to the current focal axis.

This does not introduce a physical protractor or a finished space. Orthogonality expresses the minimal distinction in perspective between:
  • the direction in which the reading continues;
  • and the direction from which the current reading can be observed.
Without this distinction, FOCUS would follow the impulse, but would have no perspective on what is being followed.

The O-principle
Here we must introduce one of The Mechanism's fundamental principles: the O-principle.

The O-principle says that one cannot KNOW what something is before it has been examined from every possible perspective.

A one-sided observation can give part of a form, but not a full understanding of the current THIS. For something to be fully present for FOCUS, no possible aspect of it can be omitted or hidden from the view.

This applies to all perception and all establishment of KNOWING throughout the universe.

It applies:
  • when FOCUS reads a manifest impulse;
  • when the form that has emerged is examined at a CHANGE;
  • when the form is held up against KNOWING through the AE;
  • when abstract relations are examined;
  • and when later composite phenomena are to be understood.
The O-principle is carried out through the interaction between the two views of FOCUS. THE FOCAL VIEW follows the current CHANGE and reads it precisely and continuously. THE PANORAMIC VIEW simultaneously registers the whole of the current THIS and examines the actuality from every available perspective.

THE FOCAL VIEW thus ensures the specific reading direction. THE PANORAMIC VIEW ensures that the reading does not become one-sided or incomplete.

The O-principle is not a special rule activated only at an AE check. It is permanently operative in all reading. The AE check is one specific application of the principle: The form that has emerged is then examined against the relevant landscape of relations in KNOWING.

THE PANORAMIC VIEW is therefore continuous throughout the entire sine reading. At the four qualitative CHANGES $E_1^M$, $E_2^M$, $E_3^M$ and $E_4^M$, this continuous PANORAMIC VIEW is simultaneously applied as four complete and countable O-readings of the form present so far. The starting boundary is $E_0^M$; it is not a fifth check after the reading has begun.

In the geometrical unfolding of the system perspective, each of these complete O-readings appears as a full sphere reading. The unfolding is described through three orientation axes with two opposite sign orientations along each axis. The possible sign combinations thus give $2^3=8$ orientation classes.

The eightfold division is necessary within this representation covering all sign combinations. The classes divide the continuous orientation field into eight parts; they do not mean that THE PANORAMIC VIEW has only eight possible view directions. The detailed $\Phi_8$ formalism and its further role will be introduced later. Here we need only establish that each of the four O-checks is a full THIS reading, not a one-sided view at one point of the form.

One orthogonal view is not an PANORAMIC VIEW
One orthogonal orientation alone is nevertheless not sufficient.

If FOCUS saw the reading point from only one particular side, that side would be privileged without any ontological reason. Some of THIS would be seen, while other possible orientations around the same reading point would be omitted.

But THE PANORAMIC VIEW must register the whole of the current THIS.

The orthogonal orientation must therefore be completed around the reading point. It cannot stop at one side, one direction or one plane. In systemic unfolding, the observation must be taken all the way around, without a break and without one direction taking precedence.

The local application of the O-principle can therefore be formulated as follows:
A complete local reading requires the current reading point to be present both focally and in a complete spherical PANORAMIC VIEW.
Ontologically, THE PANORAMIC VIEW is present simultaneously. FOCUS does not carry out a physical scan that takes extra time. But when we unfold the complete registration geometrically to understand what it entails, it appears as a full O-rotation around the reading point.

The O-rotation is thus the system perspective's unfolding of an all-round view that, in the view of FOCUS itself, is present simultaneously.

One orthogonal direction gives perspective. The completed O-rotation gives all orientations around what is current.

The continuous O-registration at each reading point is also the foundation for the fifth O-reading after the sine has been fully read. These are not two different mechanisms. When THE FOCAL VIEW reaches the closure of the sine, $E_4^M$ is present as the terminal manifest CHANGE: The sine returns to zero, the form closes and focal progression along the reading axis ceases. There is then no $E_5^M$ within the same impulse.

At $E_4^M$, THE PANORAMIC VIEW carries out the fourth complete O-check. This check does not merely register that the manifest reading has ceased. It simultaneously reveals a new and greater CHANGE: The whole sine is now present as a complete FORM.

THE FOCAL VIEW is therefore not bound to a new point along the sine curve. It is bound to the complete sinusoidal form as a new THIS. This shift in actuality is denoted $E_5^O$ and initiates the fifth O-reading. This is a new application of the same O-mechanism, but with the whole fully read FORM as the reading target.

In the geometrically unfolded presentation, after a quarter-turn in this fifth O-reading, THE PANORAMIC VIEW reaches the first orientation fully orthogonal to the previous focal reading axis. From this perspective, the whole fully read sinusoidal form can be present as a whole for the view.

The quarter-turn is not an extra mechanism or a physical movement requiring its own cause. It is the first quarter of the fifth O-reading and takes THE PANORAMIC VIEW to the terminal orthogonal perspective on the complete FORM.

The Mechanism's terminal perspective rule establishes that, from this perspective, the already fully read and O-examined FORM becomes available as a whole for conceptualisation. The quarter term therefore does not replace the complete O-examination. Orthogonality determines the angle $90^\circ$; the connection between this perspective and the FORM's availability as a whole is the theory's perspective rule, not a result of the angle alone.

Ontologically, the complete PANORAMIC VIEW is present simultaneously. The "quarter-turn" describes how this perspective appears when the all-round view is unfolded geometrically. How the whole FORM is then examined against KNOWING, and how either an existing CONCEPT response is given or a new one must be produced, is addressed in the next point.

Space arises
Here space arises.

The focal reading direction gives one orientation axis. The first orthogonal perspective direction gives another. But if the orthogonal orientation is to be completed continuously all the way around the focal direction, one further independent direction is required.

In one dimension, there is only forwards and backwards along the same axis. There is no independent side perspective.

In two dimensions, we can introduce one orthogonal direction and thus see the focal direction from the side. But if the focal axis is to remain fixed, there are only two opposite orthogonal orientations in this plane. One can switch from one to the other, but cannot take the orthogonal perspective continuously all the way around the fixed focal axis.

Only in three dimensions do the orthogonal orientations form a continuous circle around the focal axis. The perspective can then be taken continuously all the way around without leaving the focal axis.

Together with the focal direction, this completed transverse orientation spans a three-dimensional orientation space. The complete spherical PANORAMIC VIEW encompasses all directions in this space, not merely the orthogonal circle around the focal axis.

Three is thus the lowest dimension that fulfils the requirement for a continuous circuit of orthogonal perspective directions around a fixed focal axis.

The Mechanism assumes that primitive space formation uses the lowest dimension that fulfils this orientation requirement. Under this minimality requirement, local manifest space is three-dimensional.

This is not a space that existed before the reading. Nor is it an empty container into which THE SENSATION is placed. Space arises as the complete orientation around the actuality.

More precisely:
Local SPACE is the complete orientation field around each actuality.
«Orientation field» is more precise than «orientation possibility», because space does not merely denote a potential possibility of seeing from different sides. It denotes that the complete PANORAMIC VIEW is actually present around what is current – always.

SPACE is local. It arises on-the-fly in each EC reading because FOCUS must register the whole of the THIS that THE FOCAL VIEW reads. There is no shared global space into which all EC readings are later placed.

What we later experience as a coherent physical space must therefore be understood as the coherent manifest appearance of local space formations. It is not a stand-alone container that exists independently of the reading.

FOCUS operates on both sides of the domains
That FOCUS remains fixed in THE HORIZON does not mean that it is passive or restricted to one side of the domains.

FOCUS operates towards both sides of THE HORIZON, but the reading result has a different character on the two sides.

On the manifest side, FOCUS reads the impulse's development. The result is a FORM.

On the abstract side, FOCUS registers the content, the relations and the rearrangements present in KNOWING. When established CONCEPTS later exist, the fully read form can be examined against them. During the first reading, there is as yet no established conceptual form against which to recognise it. The form must therefore be brought to its complete closure before it can give rise to the first established MEANING.

AWARENESS operates differently. AWARENESS feels only the manifest impulse's quality – THE SENSATION. It does not read abstract relations and performs no conceptual matching.

We thus have this division of labour:
  • AWARENESS feels the impulse's qualitative character, THE SENSATION;
  • FOCUS reads the impulse's manifest FORM;
  • FOCUS holds the FORM up against KNOWING;
  • the AE determines what the FORM is understood as;
  • KNOWING holds the established conceptual understanding.
The AE here denotes attractor dynamics in understanding, not an extra actor alongside AWARENESS, FOCUS and KNOWING.

FORM and CONCEPT are not two independent results. They are two expressions on the respective sides of the domains connected to the same impulse. The form is what FOCUS has read manifestly. The concept is what this form is understood as in KNOWING.

THE PANORAMIC VIEW and the CHANGES
THE PANORAMIC VIEW is active at every point in the reading. At the qualitative CHANGES during the reading of the sine curve, however, it has a particular function.

A CHANGE means that something qualitatively new is present in the current THIS. THE PANORAMIC VIEW must then register whether THE FOCAL VIEW is still following the nearest current CHANGE, or whether a new and even nearer CHANGE has now arisen.

The question is therefore not merely:
Does the form that has emerged so far give a conceptual match?
It is simultaneously:
Is the continuation of the same impulse still the nearest thing that must be read, or has a new CHANGE arisen that now receives priority?
At the CHANGE, the form that has emerged so far is directed towards KNOWING. The form is examined against the abstract content present there at this point. During the first reading, this content is not yet a developed landscape of relations comprising established CONCEPTS. For now, KNOWING contains only the proto-idea that non-IS-NESS may be real.

The examination of what the form can be understood as is the AE check.

THE PANORAMIC VIEW is not moved from the manifest to the abstract side. It has a view towards both sides of the domains from THE HORIZON at all times. At the CHANGE, the juxtaposition between the manifestly read form and the content in KNOWING has a particular function, because the AE result can change what THE FOCAL VIEW must subsequently be bound to.

At each of the four qualitative CHANGES $E_1^M$, $E_2^M$, $E_3^M$ and $E_4^M$, THE PANORAMIC VIEW carries out a complete O-check of the form that has emerged so far. Each check is a full THIS reading, systemically unfolded as a sphere in eight orientation parts.

At the first three qualitative CHANGES in the sinusoidal progression, there is as yet no complete form. The form that has emerged so far gives no positive AE result and establishes no new MEANING in KNOWING.

At the same time, the sine reading is not complete. The same impulse continues to produce a nearest CHANGE.

THE FOCAL VIEW therefore remains bound to THE SENSATION and continues the reading without a break.

At the fourth complete O-check, the situation is different.

The sine has been fully read and has returned to zero. $E_4^M$ is the terminal manifest CHANGE: The form closes, and focal progression along the reading axis ceases. There is no $E_5^M$ within the same impulse.

The fourth O-check simultaneously reveals a greater CHANGE than the preceding checks: The whole sine is now present as a complete FORM. What must be read further is therefore not a new point along the sine curve, but the completed sinusoidal form itself.

THE FOCAL VIEW is bound to this complete FORM as the new nearest actuality. The shift in actuality $E_5^O$ thus initiates the fifth O-reading.

The fifth O-reading is not a fifth manifest phase in the sine impulse. It is a new O-reading with the complete sine as its reading target. In the geometrically unfolded presentation, only a quarter-turn is required before THE PANORAMIC VIEW reaches the first fully orthogonal perspective on the previous focal reading axis. From this perspective, the whole form becomes available as a whole for FOCUS.

Only through this quarter term can the complete form be held up against KNOWING as one unified THIS. The fourth AE examination concerns this complete FORM. The numbering of the AE examinations and the O-readings therefore denotes different functions.

Whether KNOWING then gives an existing CONCEPT response, or whether a new CONCEPT must be produced because no response yet exists, is addressed in the next point. At the first reading, there is as yet no established CONCEPT response to the fully read FORM.

This does not mean that THE PANORAMIC VIEW arises at the fourth checkpoint or at the fifth O-reading. Nor does it mean that FOCUS only now begins to see. THE PANORAMIC VIEW has been active throughout the reading.

What is new is that the focally read form is now complete, that the reading cannot continue further along the same impulse, that the complete FORM becomes the new reading target, and that the quarter term in the fifth O-reading makes this form available as a whole for FOCUS.

Forward march in all directions
The whole relationship can be expressed in the phrase:
Forward march in all directions.
Forward march is the uninterrupted successiveness of THE FOCAL VIEW in the manifest reading. This is local TIME.

In all directions is the simultaneous and complete orientation of THE PANORAMIC VIEW around each actuality. This is local SPACE.

Time and space thus have the same origin in the EC reading of FOCUS, but they are not the same:
  • TIME is the order between the reading's actualities.
  • SPACE is the complete orientation field around each actuality.
One describes how what is current changes. The other describes how what is current can be present as fully seen.

Both arise locally through the reading of FOCUS.

Neither exists stand-alone.

From reading to interpretation
At the fourth checkpoint, $E_4^M$ is present as the terminal manifest CHANGE. The sine has been fully read and has returned to zero. The fourth complete O-check simultaneously reveals that the whole sine is present as a complete FORM. This FORM becomes the new nearest reading target, and the shift in actuality $E_5^O$ initiates the fifth O-reading.

Through the quarter term in this fifth O-reading, THE PANORAMIC VIEW reaches the first fully orthogonal perspective on the previous focal reading axis. The complete form thus becomes available as a whole for FOCUS.

The manifest sine reading has thereby reached its boundary, while the transition to interpretation has begun. Point 5.4 (this one) has explained how THE SENSATION is read, how local TIME is produced through the reading's successiveness, how local three-dimensional SPACE is produced through THE PANORAMIC VIEW and the O-principle, and how the complete FORM finally becomes available through the first quarter of the fifth O-reading.

But we have not yet explained what the fully read form is understood as, where the new abstract relation is established, or how its establishment changes the structure of KNOWING. This requires us to move from reading to interpretation.

In the next point, we will therefore first show why the complete form is necessarily understood as SEPARATION, and how the boundless, organised occurrence of the first SEPARATION establishes THE MATRIX. The emergence bands are then explained as MEANINGS about this foundation and THE PHOTOGRAPH as the first complete understanding of THE MATRIX as a whole through the full emergence tree.

Further readings establish new SEPARATION occurrences and modify the foundation. This modified MATRIX is called THE SOURCE. The emergence bands are then MEANINGS about THE SOURCE. We will see how changes in the foundation have consequences upwards through the emergence tree.

THE MATRIX, THE SOURCE, THE PHOTOGRAPH and the emergence tree are new things that we have not discussed so far, but which come in the next point. These are structures and understandings on the abstract side of THE HORIZON, in KNOWING. FOCUS retains its functional position in THE HORIZON.

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